DUQUESNE, FRITZ

 An extraordinarily colorful character whose career bordered on the bizarre, Duquesne claimed that he had once been young Winston Churchill’s jailer and had witnessed British troops maltreat his mother and sister during the Boer War. Originally from the Cape Colony in  South Africa, where allegedly he had spied against the British, Duquesne claimed in a sensational book—The Man Who Killed Kitchener: The Life of Fritz Joubert Duquesne, written by journalist Clement Wood and published in New York in 1932—that he had been responsible for the loss of the cruiser HMS Hampshire in the North Sea in June 1916, while the ship was carrying Field-Marshal Lord Kitchener to Petrograd. Although the British Admiralty had always believed that the cruiser had hit a mine, Wood reported that Duquesne had slipped aboard, disguised as a Russian officer, to signal a U-boat waiting to torpedo her and then had made his escape before she sank.
Wood also claimed that Duquesne had been arrested for espionage during World War I but had escaped  from custody. According to his version, he had sabotaged an Allied freighter, the Tennyson, which sank after suffering a catastrophic fire, and then had wriggled out of a murder charge by feigning a nervous illness and slipping out of Bellevue Hospital. He also acknowledged having used the aliases of “Captain Stoughton of the West Australia Horse,” “Piet Niacoud,” and “Frederick Fredericks,” among many others. Since then he had
become a writer, and lived with his mistress, Evelyn Lewis, who was a sculptress from a wealthy Southern family, at West 76th Street in New York City calling themselves “Mr. and Mrs. James Dunn,” but he had also volunteered his services to the Abwehr as a professional spy to work against the United States.
Surprisingly, his offer had been accepted and he had established himself in a small, one-room office at 120 Wall Street operating under the name Air Terminal Associates. It was here that he received William Sebold and took delivery of his microfilmed questionnaire, which had been read and copied already by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Soon Sebold was acting as his communicator, and in May 1941, using the call sign CQDXVW2—after several false starts—contact was established with AOR, the Abwehr’s call sign in Hamburg. It was this channel that became Duquesne’s preferred method of sending urgent messages to Germany, instead of through the accommodation addresses in Portugal and Brazil, although he continued to rely on a large team of transatlantic steamship couriers for bulky items that needed delivery to Hamburg.
When he was eventually arrested, Duquesne retained his sense of humor and appeared amused to watch the FBI’s surveillance footage of his incriminating visits to Sebold’s office. A clock on the wall and a flip-over calendar placed on Sebold’s desk made an accurate, verifiable record of every conversation. He said he always wanted to be in the movies, but had been disappointed by his performance. The film was shown in court and proved to be damning evidence.
The leads from the Duquesne case covered the entire country and the hemisphere and resulted in follow-up visits to Cuba, Chile, and Argentina. It was possible to identify other Nazi spies in Mexico, which led to further investigations. Unquestionably it was the most important case of that time and resulted in 19 pleas of guilty and a total of 32 convictions, with Duquesne receiving the longest sentence, 18 years.

DULLES, ALLEN

The Central Intelligence Agency’s  director of central intelligence (DCI) from 1953 to 1961, Dulles was a New York lawyer who had served in the State Department as a diplomat in Vienna, Paris, and Berlin. He was in Switzerland in both world wars and in 1943, as the Office of Strategic Services representative in Bern, had recruited a German Foreign Ministry official, Fritz Kolbe, who supplied him with copies of secret  high-level telegrams. Dulles was mystified by a lack of British enthusiasm for his coup, unaware of ULTRA. After the war, Dulles ran U.S. intelligence operations in Germany from Frankfurt and advised on the reorganization of the newly created CIA before being appointed DCI. He was considered the archetypal intelligence officer and, with his brother John Foster Dulles as secretary of state, exercised considerable influence over U.S. foreign policy, but was forced to resign following the Bay of Pigs fiasco in 1961.

DOUBLE AGENTS

The designation given to agents who turn against their original controllers and witch their allegiance to their supposed target. Some agents may arrange for their recruitment by their intended, ultimate target, and whatever their motivation the description remains valid. The fact that a spy happens also to be an intelligence officer does not make him (or her) a double agent, so it is erroneous to apply this term to Kim Philby, George Blake, Geoffrey Prime, Oleg Penkovsky, Aldrich Ames, or Robert Hanssen. In all those cases, the spies were run as  agents by a hostile intelligence agency.
Triple agents are usually double agents who are deployed againstan adversary for the precise purpose of having them ostensibly recruited as double agents.

DONOVAN, WILLIAM

Donovan, a partner in the New York law firm of Donovan, Leisure, was a hugely successful corporate lawyer; the charismatic leader of the “Fighting Irish,” the 69th Infantry Regiment, with whom he had ended World War I as America’s most highly decorated war hero with the Medal of Honor; and in 1942 President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s choice to head the Office of Strategic Services. He died in 1959.

DISINFORMATION

The technique of conveying false information to an adversary. Disinformation, a translation of the Russian  word dezinformatsia, was regarded by the KGB as a separate discipline and a key component in a coordinated strategy to achieve specific political goals. Disinformation can include the  Soviet use of  active measures or dirty tricks, which may include the smearing of political opponents, the fabrication of documents, and the manufacture of bogus news stories prepared for planting into the pages of sympathetic newspapers and journals by compliant journalists. Modern examples of disinformation include the claim that AIDS had originated as an experiment with a dangerous virus conducted at Fort Detrick, Maryland; that the Central Intelligence Agency had imported cocaine to destroy disadvantaged black communities in Los Angeles; and, most successfully, that President John F. Kennedy had been the victim of a CIA assassination plot

DISCUS

A small, portable transmitter that could transmit and receive an alphanumeric message, designed by the  Central Intelligence Agency to squirt encrypted signals of up to 2,300 characters over distances of up to a mile in a burst transmission lasting less than three seconds in order to minimize the risk from hostile interception. The device, developed in the Short Range Agents Communications (SRAC) project, was first publicly acknowledged as having been used to assist communications between the CIA station in Warsaw and Col. Ryszard Kuklinsky in Poland, but was also used by Adolf Tolkachev in 1979.

DISCRIMINATION

A basic signals intelligence discipline, discrimination is a preliminary signals analysis process applied to raw  intercept data to separate them from other material that is not of any intelligence interest. “Discrim,” as it is often known, compares the parameters of new traffic to the frequencies, wavelengths, locations, and call signs of target stations.

DISCARD

When a spy is arrested to attract attention away from an-
other agent, the victim of the deliberate sacrifice is known by coun-
terintelligence professionals as a discard.

DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE (DNI)

A post created in 2005 with the passage of the Intelligence Reform Bill to coordinate the activities of the 15 U.S. intelligence agencies, set their budgets, and be responsible for the daily briefing of the president on intelligence issues, largely supplanting the role of the  director of central intelligence. President George W. Bush appointed a veteran State Department diplomat, John Negroponte, as his first DNI, with Gen. Michael Hayden, the former director of the National Security Agency, as his deputy.

DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE (DCI)

The post of DCI, which has been held by 22 men since Adm. Sidney Souers was appointed in January 1946, was the senior post in the United States intelligence structure until December 2004 when the Intelligence Reform Act introduced the position of  director of national intelligence. As well as heading the Central Intelligence Agency, the DCI was responsible for coordinating the activities of 43 separate U.S. intelligence agencies until the consolidation of the  Department of Homeland Security, which reduced the total number of U.S. intelligence agencies to 15.
The DCIs have been Rear Adm. Sidney Souers (January–June 1946), Lt. Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg  (1946–47), Rear Adm. Roscoe Hillenkoetter (1947–50), Gen. Walter Bedell Smith (1950–53), Allen Dulles (1953–61), John McCone (1961–65), Vice Adm. William Raborn (1965–66), Richard Helms (1966–73),  James Schlesinger (February–July 1973), William Colby (1973–76), George H. W. Bush (1976–77), Adm. Stansfield Turner (1977–81),  William Casey (1981–87), William Webster (1987–91), Robert Gates  (1991–93), James Woolsey (1993–95), John Deutsch (1995–96), George Tenet (1997–2004), and Porter Goss (2004–06).

DIRECTORATE OF OPERATIONS (DO)

The operational branch of the Central Intelligence Agency, known as the Clandestine Service, was formally titled the Deputy Directorate for Plans (DPP) until it was renamed the Directorate of Operations in 1975. The DPP had been run for years by Richard Helms as deputy to Frank Wisner, who was posted to London in 1958. Wisner was succeeded by Dick Bissell, but when he resigned after the Bay of Pigs fiasco, the new director of central intelligence (DCI), John McCone, chose Helms to succeed him. A former journalist, Helms had met Adolf Hitler before World War II and was the consummate intelligence professional, becoming DCI in June 1968.
The deputy director for operations is the CIA’s senior spymaster, and since Helms the post has been held by Desmond FitzGerald, Max Hugel, Tom Karamessines, John Stein, Clair George, Tom Twetton, Ed Juchniewicz, Dick Stolz, and Ted Price.

DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE DE SÉCURITÉ EXTÉRIEURE (DGSE)

Created in April 1981 following a series of scandals that had hit its predecessor, the Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE), the DGSE is  France’s principal foreign intelligence agency. It is based at 128 Avenue Mortier, close to a public swimming pool from which it derives its nickname, “La Piscine.” Staffed mainly by military personnel on temporary assignment, the SDECE had acquired a ruthless reputation during the Algerian campaign, when Ahmed Ben Bella’s plane was hijacked in
1955 and Mehdi Ben Barka was abducted a decade later. Allegations from Soviet defectors that the SDECE had been penetrated at high level by the KGB undermined the organization and prompted the defection to the Central Intelligence Agency of Philippe Thyraud de Vosjoli, the SDECE’s bureau chief in Washington, D.C., who suspected that there was little enthusiasm to root out the Soviet moles.
The French reputation for ruthlessness was enhanced in July 1985 when Greenpeace’s Rainbow Warrior was sabotaged by a DGSE team in Auckland Harbor, a scandal that prompted the resignation of Pierre Lacoste. Following the collapse of the Soviet Bloc, the DGSE, always active in Francophone Africa, has concentrated on the collection of commercial intelligence in support of French business interests.
The directors have been Henri Ribière (1946–51), Pierre Boursicot (1951–57), Gen. Paul Grossin  (1957–62), Gen. Eugene Guibaud (1966–70), Alexandre de Marchenches (1970–81), Pierre Marion
(1981–82), Adm. Pierre Lacoste (1982–85), Gen. Rene Imbot (1985–87), Gen. François Mermet (1987–89), Claude Silberzahn (1989–93), Jacques Dewatre (1993–99), and Jean-Claude Cousseran  (1999– ).

DIRECTION DE LA SURVEILLANCE DU TERRITOIRE (DST)

France’s internal security agency, created in 1944 and first headed by Roger-Paul Warin, alias Roger Wybot, then age 32. Wybot ran the organization until he was replaced in 1958 by Christian Fouchet, supposedly because President Charles de Gaulle suspected his hotel accommodation in Paris had been the subject of DST surveillance.
Subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior and based in the rue Nelaton near Les Invalides, the DST fulfills counterespionage and counterterrorism roles. In June 1975 two unarmed DST officers, Raymond Doubs and Jean Donatini, were shot dead and Jean Harranz was wounded when they attempted to question Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, known as “Carlos the Jackal,” at his apartment in the rue Toullier.
In 1979 the DST successfully recruited a KGB Directorate T officer, Col. Vladimir I. Vetrov, and ran him in the Soviet Union under the misleading code name FAREWELL, chosen deliberately to attract attention away from the French assistant military attaché who had been assigned the task of handling his communications in Moscow. Vetrov’s value as a source, hemorrhaging scientific and technical data, came to an end when he was convicted of murdering his mistress in November 1982, but his detailed information about the Paris rezidentura enabled the DST to identify 47 KGB officers, who were expelled from France in April 1983.
The other heads of the DST have been Jean-Gabriel Eriau (1959–61), Daniel Doustin (1961–64), Tony Roche (1964–68), Jean Rochet (1968–72), Marcel Chalet (1975–82), Yves Bonnet (1982–91), Philippe Parant (1991–97), and the current director, Jean-Jacques Pascal.

DIPLOMATIC COURIERS

Officials who carry dispatches between diplomatic missions, enjoying the protection of the Vienna Convention from search and seizure. The function has often been adopted by intelligence personnel as a convenient cover for their overseas travel

DIPLOMATIC BAGS

Consignments exchanged between diplomatic missions and protected from inspection under the terms of the Vienna Convention. Although referred to as “bags,” they may range in size from small packages carried by diplomatic couriers to large containers. To avoid the danger of  interception, intelligence agencies  often rely heavily on this method of communication for non–time-sensitive material.

DIGRAPH

The term applied in the Central Intelligence Agency for the two-letter prefix attached to the code names of its sources that identifies the internal division within the Directorate of Operations responsible for their management.

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (DHS)

Created under the leadership of Governor Tom Ridge and formally established in 2002, DHS was an amalgamation of 20 separate agencies, including the Coast Guard, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, Customs, the Secret Service, the Border Patrol, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. DHS is the  United States’ third largest cabinet department, headed by Michael Chertoff.

DENIED AREAS

Hostile environments in which conditions are difficult to conduct conventional intelligence operations. In denied areas, special measures have to be taken to avoid the attention and surveillance of the local security apparatus.

DE MARENCHES, ALEXANDRE

Chief of the French Service deDocumentation et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE) from 1970 to 1981, de Marenches was a career intelligence officer who had worked in the Resistance as a courier during the German occupation of France, passing messages across the demarcation line. He later fled to Spain and joined the Free French Forces in Morocco and fought in Italy before being assigned to intelligence duties on Gen. Charles de Gaulle’s staff in London.
De Marenches was appointed the SDECE’s chief in 1970 by the newly elected President Georges Pompidou who was wary of the organization’s dubious reputation for involvement in every kind of illegal activity from drug trafficking to political blackmail. De Marenches conducted a purge to eliminate suspected Soviet moles
and promoted professionalism by concentrating resources on the Middle East and Francophone Africa. During the decade he ran “La Piscine,” de Marenches transformed SDECE into an effective collection agency staffed mainly by military personnel assigned from the armed forces. In his retirement de Marenches  coauthored The Fourth World War, in which he articulated the threat from Islamic fundamentalism, and an autobiography.

DELHI INTELLIGENCE BUREAU (DIB)

During World War II Indian Political Intelligence (IPI) evolved from a police organization into a military unit and was responsible for all security intelligence operations in India and the region. The DIB acted as the competent British authority, liaising closely with its counterparts, the  Combined Intelligence Centre Iraq (CICI) at Habbaniyah, Security Intelligence Middle East (SIME) in Cairo, and Combined Intelligence Far East (CIFE) in Singapore.